New Edition--Burma Map and Overview of Myanmar

The name of the country is the Union of Myanmar.

An area of ​​676,581 square kilometers.

The population of about 52 million (2001), a total of 135 ethnic groups, mainly Burmese, Karen, Dai, Kachin, Chin, Kayah, Mon and Rakhine, Burma about the total 65% of the population. All ethnic minorities have their own language, among which the Burmese, Kachin, Karen, Sui and Meng tribes have written characters. There are about 2.5 million Chinese overseas Chinese. More than 85% of the people in the country believe in Buddhism and about 8% believe in Islam.

Yangon, the capital, has a population of about 5 million (2000) and an average temperature of 25°C.

Senior Gen. Than Shwe, chairman of the National Peace and Development Committee of the head of state, was appointed chairman of the National Restoration Law and Order Committee on April 23, 1992 and was replaced on November 15, 1997.

Head of Government Gernal Khin Nyunt, inaugurated on August 25, 2003.

Important Festivals Independence Day: January 4, Army Day: March 27, Songkran (Burma New Year): April 13.

The profile is located in the west of the Indochina Peninsula. The northeast is adjacent to China, the northwest is connected with India and Bangladesh, the southeast is bordered by Laos and Thailand, and the southwest is close to the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The coastline is 3,200 kilometers long. It is a tropical monsoon climate with an annual average temperature of 27°C.

After forming a unified country in 1044, he experienced three feudal dynasties of Bagan, Dongyu and Gongbang. After the British launched three wars of aggression in the 19th century, it occupied Myanmar. In 1886, Myanmar was designated as a province of British India. In 1937, Burma left British India and was directly ruled by the British Governor. May 1942 was occupied by Japan. In March 1945, the total national uprising, Burma recovered. After the British regained control of Burma. On January 4, 1948, Myanmar broke away from the Commonwealth and declared independence. The government headed by Wu Nu implements a multi-party democratic parliamentary system. In 1962, General Newin launched a coup d'état to overthrow the Unu government and establish a revolutionary committee. In January 1974, the new constitution was promulgated, the People’s Assembly was established, the “Socialist Programmer Party” (hereinafter referred to as the “Programme Party”), Nei Wen as the chairman of the “Programme Party” and the country named “The Socialist Republic of Myanmar” was established. . In July 1988, due to the deterioration of the economy, demonstrations broke out across the country. Wu Neiyou, the president of the program party chairman, and Wu Shanyou, the president, resigned. On September 18, 1988, the military headed by General Defense Secretary Su Ming, took over the government and established the "National Recovery Law and Order Committee" (hereinafter referred to as the "recovery committee"), announcing the abolition of the constitution and dissolving the people's parliament and state power organs. On the 23rd, the "Federal Socialist Republic of Myanmar" was renamed "The Union of Myanmar." In May 1990, the national election was held. The “National Democratic League” led by Aung San Suu Kyi won, but the military government refused to hand over power to the “Democratic Alliance” after the Constitution was first drafted. On November 15, 1997, the "recovery committee" was renamed the "National Peace and Development Committee" (hereinafter referred to as the "Department of Peace and Development").

After the Myanmar Army took over the government in September 1988, it focused on "Ampang" and "Rejuvenating the country." The first is to reach a reconciliation with 17 ethnic minority militaries and end the civil war that lasted for half a century. The second is to work hard to develop the economy and improve people's livelihood. The third is to actively carry out foreign exchanges and improve the external environment.

In April 1992, General Than Shwe served as chairman of the "recovery committee." In January 1993, the Myanmar government convened a constitutional national assembly. However, the contradiction between the government and the nation’s largest opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) has not been eliminated. In July 1995, after the release of Aung San Suu Kyi, the General Secretary of the “NLD”, was put under house arrest, the two parties confronted the escalation. In November of the same year, the "NLD" withdrew from the National Assembly. The National Assembly has been adjourned since April 1996. In May 1998, the “NLD” called for a limited time for convening a parliament, conducting dialogues, and unconditionally releasing all political prisoners. In September of the same year, the “NLD” announced the establishment of a 10-member parliamentary committee chaired by Wu Anrui to exercise parliamentary powers. The government said that this move was illegal and that measures were taken to further restrict Aung San Suu Kyi’s activities. He was not allowed to make roadside speeches and go to other activities in the weekend, and the conflict between the two sides was intensified. In October 2000, the military government began a political dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi. In May 2002, the military government lifted the ban on Aung and allowed him to travel freely and participate in political activities.

On May 30, 2003, Myanmar’s opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi’s political activities in the country caused bloody clashes between the two factions, killing four people and injuring more than 50 people. The Burmese government, on the grounds of maintaining political stability, detained Ang and the other leaders of the "NLD" led by it and closed the headquarters of the "NLD" and other branches. On August 25, the Burmese government made a major reorganization and appointed the former “Department of Economic Cooperation and Development” Secretary-General Khin Nyunt as the Prime Minister. Khin Nyunt subsequently delivered a speech and proposed a "roadmap" plan for political reconciliation. He said that he will continue the dialogue process with the "NLD", formulate a new constitution, and finally realize democracy.

[Constitution] In 1974, Myanmar formulated the "Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Burma". After the military government took over power in 1988, it announced the abolition of the constitution, and in 1992 it convened a National Assembly to formulate a new constitution. However, the Constituent National Assembly has been adjourned since April 1996 and has not been resumed yet. Myanmar still extends some of the provisions of the 1974 Constitution.

The National Peace and Development Commission, formerly known as the "National Commission for the Restoration of Law and Order", established on September 18, 1988, was renamed the "National Peace and Development Commission" on November 15, 1997, and is the highest authority in the country. It consists of 13 people. The commander of the Defense Forces Supreme Command, General Than Shwe, is the chairman of the Defense Forces’s Supreme Command deputy commander and the deputy commander of the Army’s commanding forces Vice-Chairman Vice-elect Maung Aye (Vice-Senior Gen. Maung Aye), Vice-President Sergei Seinwen (Lt-Gen. Soe Win).

[Government] The government of Myanmar was reorganized on August 25, 2003. General Khin Nyunt became the government's prime minister. The main members are: General Secretary of Defense Than Shwe, Major General Nyunt Tin, Minister of Agriculture and Water Resources, U Aung Thaung, First Minister of Industry, Major General Saw Lwin, Second Minister of Industry, and Foreign Minister Wu Yunang (U Win Aung), U Soe Tha, Minister of Planning and Economic Development, Major General Hla Myint Swe, Minister of Communications, U Tin Win, Minister of Labour, and Major Aung Min, Minister of Railways Minister of Commerce Bien Pyi Sone, Hotel and Tourism Minister Aye Myint Kyu Brigadier, Minister of Finance and Taxation Hla Tun, Minister of Forestry Brigadier Thein Aung, Interior Minister Ding Lai (Tin) Colonel Hlaing), Major General Kyi Aung, Minister of Culture, Brigadier General Kyaw Hsan, Minister of Propaganda, Brigadier General Maung Maung Thein, Minister of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, and Dr. Kyaw Myint, Minister of Health.

[Administrative Division] The country is divided into seven provinces and seven states. The province is a major area of ​​residence for the Bamar, and Bando is a place where ethnic minorities live.

[Judiciary] Myanmar Court and Procuratorate are divided into 4 levels. The Supreme Court and the Supreme Procuratorate are established. There are three levels of courts and procuratorates in the provinces, counties and townships. The Supreme Court is U Aung Toe, the country's highest judicial body, and the chief judge. The Supreme Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ in the country, and the Attorney General U Tha Tun.

[Party and group] On September 18, 1988, the Burmese army took over the state power and announced the abolition of the one-party system and implemented a multi-party democracy. The first multi-party election was held on May 27, 1990. There were 93 political parties participating in the election and a large number of political parties were dissolved or banned. There are currently 10 political parties. mainly:

(1) National League for Democracy: Founded on September 29, 1988, it is the largest political party in Myanmar and the most influential opposition party. In the May 1990 general election, 396 of the 485 seats were obtained. Chairman U Aung Shwe, General Secretary Aung San Suu Kyi. The party’s political program is: Advocating the governance of the country in accordance with the democratic procedures of the UN Charter. All power belongs to the people, and it guarantees human rights in a constitutional manner and resolutely opposes dictatorship. The state implements the separation of powers in legislation, administration, and the judiciary and administers the country according to law. Everyone is equal before the law.

(2) National Unity Party: It was reorganized from the former ruling Myanmar Socialist Programme Party on September 24, 1988, and it is the second largest party in Myanmar. In the May 1990 general election, 10 seats were obtained. Chairman U Tha Kyaw, General Secretary U Tun Yi.

(3) Shan National League for Democracy: Established in October 1988 as a national minority party in Shan State. In the May 1990 general election, 23 seats were obtained. Chairman U Hkun Htun Oo, General Secretary U Sai Ai Pao.

Other political parties include the Union Paoh National Organization, the Shan State Kokang Democratic Party, the Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organization, and the Lahus. The Lahu National Development Party, the Union Karen League, the Kokang Democracy and Unity Party, and the Wa National Development Party.

The main social organizations include the Union Solidarity and Development Association (hereinafter referred to as the "Unified Solidarity and Development Association"). September 15, 1993 was registered as a social organization in the Ministry of the Interior. Its purpose is to safeguard federal unity, safeguard national unity, safeguard national sovereignty and national dignity, carry forward the spirit of patriotism, and build a prosperous and prosperous country. The articles of association stipulate that any citizen can apply for membership, which is divided into young members (10-18 years old) and adult members (18 years old or older), and members are not allowed to participate in any political party. Gong Association has institutions from the central to the local. Rapid development, by the end of 2001, members have more than 18 million people. The Chairman of the State "Development Commission", General Than Shwe, will serve as the Honorary Chairman. The General Secretary will be concurrently appointed by U Than Aung, the Minister of Education. The 12 Secretariat Secretaries and the Central Executive Committee will be respectively the government's and deputy ministers. The Myanmar government attaches great importance to the organization and building of the Gong Association, runs various training courses and trains its backbone. Both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony were attended and delivered by Chairman Than Shwe.

[Characters] General Than Shwe: Chairman of the National Peace and Development Committee and Commander-in-Chief of the three armed forces.

Born in Mandalay province in February 1933, the Bamar. He graduated from the military academy in 1953 and successively served as a battalion commander, deputy commander, division commander, military commander, and deputy chief of staff of the army. After the Burmese army took over the government in 1988, it served as a member of the "National Recovery Law and Order Committee." In 1989, he served as deputy commander-in-chief of the three armed forces and army commander. In 1990, he was promoted to the rank of general, and in 1992 he served as Secretary of Defense, and in the same year he assumed the chairmanship of the “recovery committee”. In 1993, he was promoted to general. In 1997 he was re-appointed to the chairman of the "CSD". In 1985, he visited China with a parliamentary delegation. In 1989, he led a military-friendly delegation to visit China. In 1996 and 2003, he made an official friendly visit to China at the invitation of the Chinese government.

Deputy General Maung Aye: Deputy Chairman of the Myanmar National Peace and Development Committee, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Three Armies and Army Commander.

Born in 1937 in Real Province, Burmese, university education. In June 1955, he was enlisted and admitted to the Military Academy. From 1959 to 1986, he served as the company commander, a staff officer and deputy commander of the Southern Military Command, director of the Ordnance Department of the Ministry of National Defense, commander of the Northeast Military Region, and commander of the Eastern Military Region. After the Burmese army took over the power in 1988, it served as a member of the National "recovery committee" and chairman of the "recovery committee" of the Shan State. In 1990, he was promoted to Major General. In 1993, he was promoted to Lieutenant General. In the same year, he was promoted to the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces and commander of the army. In 1994, he was promoted to the rank of general and served as the Vice Chairman of the National “Solicit Committee”. In 1997, the "recovery committee" was renamed and changed to the current post and was promoted to vice general in 2002.

In 1996, a military delegation visited China. In 2000, he was invited to visit China and attended a commemorative event in Beijing to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Myanmar. In August 2003, a high-ranking military delegation visited China.

Admiral Khin Nyunt: Prime Minister of the Federal Government of Myanmar. Born in Yangon province in October 1939, the Bamar ethnic group. He studied at Yangon University and graduated from a training course for military officers at Maobi Military Academy. He went to the United Kingdom and Israel to study military intelligence expertise. In 1983, he served as the Secretary of Defense for the Ministry of National Defense and was promoted to the Colonel in 1986. After the Burmese army took over the government in September 1988, he served as secretary general of the National Restoration Law and Order Committee and was promoted to Brigadier General. In 1990, he was promoted to Major General. In 1993, he was promoted to the rank of Director of Strategic Research of the Ministry of National Defense. In 2002, he was promoted to admiral. In 2003, he assumed his current position and concurrently served as chairman of various committees in Myanmar's foreign affairs, education, health, and tourism.

Has visited China many times.

The economic and natural conditions are superior and resources are abundant. However, economic development has been slow over the years. In December 1987, it was listed by the United Nations as one of the least developed countries in the world. After the Burmese military government took office, it abolished the "socialist planned economy", implemented economic restructuring aimed at establishing a market economy, encouraged the development of private enterprises, and actively introduced foreign capital. In 1992-95, GDP grew at an average annual rate of 7.5%. From 1996 to 2001, the average annual growth rate was about 8.5%.

The gross national product in 2002/2003 was approximately 32,324 billion kyats, and the per capita gross national product was 109,900 kyats. At present, foreign debt accumulates 6 billion U.S. dollars and foreign exchange reserve is about 300 million U.S. dollars. Myanmar's economic starting point is low, capital is short, technology is lagging behind, infrastructure is poor, foreign capital inflow is limited, and combined with sanctions imposed by Western countries, the economy is currently very difficult.

GNP growth rate: 10.9%.

Currency Name: Kyat (Kyat).

Official exchange rate (2003): 1 US dollar = 6.22 Kyats.

Market Exchange Rate (December 2003): US$1 to ç¼…85 kyat.

Inflation rate: 34.5%.

【Resources】 Mineral resources are mainly tin, tungsten, zinc, aluminum, antimony, manganese, gold, silver, etc. Gemstones and jades are well-known in the world. Oil and gas have large reserves in both inland and coastal areas. Rich in forest resources, the country has 34.12 million hectares of forest land. Rich in water resources, the Irrawaddy, Chindon, and Salween rivers run through the north and south, but have not been fully utilized due to lack of water facilities.

[industry] Industrial output accounts for about 10% of the gross national product. There are 24 industrial zones in the country, 5,1980 enterprises and about 1.74 million employees. Major industries include oil and gas exploration, small machinery manufacturing, textiles, printing and dyeing, rice milling, wood processing, sugar refining, paper making, fertilizers and pharmaceuticals. In 2003, it produced 7.71 million barrels of crude oil, 84.32 million gallons of gasoline, and 11.395 million gallons of diesel. There are 70 miles of land pipelines and 1401 miles of natural gas pipelines. The total power generation is 4.86 billion kWh, and the ratio of various energy generation is: natural gas 65%, hydraulic 30%, and other 5%.

Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, accounting for 60% of the gross national product, and the agricultural labor force is 17.96 million, accounting for approximately 64% of the total employment in the country. The cultivated area is 26 million acres. The main crops include rice, wheat, corn, peanuts, sesame, cotton, beans, sugar cane, oil palm, tobacco and jute. In 2003, rice planting area was 16.4 million acres, output was 27.78 million tons, exports were 92 million tons, and foreign exchange earned was 110 million US dollars. The bean planting area is 8 million acres, and the output is 2.7 million tons. The export earns 183 million US dollars. The cotton planting area is 700,000 acres and the output is 150,000 tons. The rubber planting area is 450,000 acres and the annual output of rubber is 35,000 tons. The planting area of ​​oil crops is 2.55 million hectares and the edible oil production capacity is 380,000 tons per year.

Livestock husbandry and fisheries are dominated by private operations. The Myanmar government allows foreign companies to fish in designated sea areas and collect fees from foreign fishing vessels. In 1990, it started a joint venture with some foreign companies to establish fish and shrimp production and export processing companies. At present, there are 144 aquatic products export companies and 49 aquatic products export countries and regions. In 2003, the output of aquatic products was 1.579 million tons, and the foreign exchange earned through exports was 317 million US dollars, which was the third largest foreign exchange earning industry.

The forest coverage rate is 52.28%, and the original forest area is 3.36 million acres. The main forest products include various kinds of hardwood, rattan, bamboo and other hardwoods such as rosewood, Dingwen, chicken wing wood, ebony, and ironwood.

[Tourism] Beautiful scenery, many places of interest. The main attractions include the world-famous Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, the cultural capital of Mandalay, the city of Vantaa in Bagan, and the beach in Ebiri. The government vigorously develops tourism, actively attracts foreign investment, and builds tourist facilities. There are currently 533 large and small hotels with 15,848 rooms. The more famous hotels are: Sedona Hotel in Yangon, Inya Lake Hotel, Trade Hotel, Sedona Hotel in Mandalay, Tanjong Hotel in Bagan, and Bagan Hotel. In 2002-03, 336,000 foreign tourists came to Myanmar, an increase of 4.56% from the previous year, and tourism revenue was 99 million US dollars, an increase of 10% over the previous year.

[Transportation] Transportation is dominated by water, and railways are mostly narrow gauge. In recent years, the government has vigorously built roads and railways, and land transportation has made great progress.

Railways: More than 2,900 miles long. It has 43 steam locomotives, 270 diesel locomotives, 701 passenger compartments and 3906 freight cars.

Water Transportation: The inland waterway is about 9,219 miles, and 537 ships of various types. The ports available for ocean-going freighters mainly include Yangon Port, Bosen Port and Mawlamyine Port, of which Yangon Port is the largest port in Myanmar. In Myanmar, only the "Myanmar Five-Star Shipping Company" operates ocean transportation.

Highways: There are 515 highways in Myanmar and a total length of 138,000 miles.

Air: Major airlines include Myanmar International Airlines, Yangon Airlines, and Mandalay Airlines. There are 43 airports in the country, and the main airports are Yangon Airport, Mandalay Airport, Heihe Airport, Bagan Airport, and Denpa Airport. Yangon Airport and Mandalay Airport are international airports. At present, direct routes have been established with 13 countries and regions. The major international routes include Bangkok, Beijing, Singapore, Hong Kong and Kuala Lumpur. There are a total of 17 domestic routes, and major cities and major tourist attractions are open to traffic.

[Financial Finance] According to the statistics of the World Bank, as of 2002/2003, Myanmar has owed about 6 billion U.S. dollars in foreign debt. The largest creditor country is Japan. As of the end of 2003, foreign exchange reserves were about 300 million U.S. dollars.

Myanmar originally had only five state-owned banks, namely, the Central Bank of Myanmar (founded in 1948, formerly known as the Union Bank of Myanmar, renamed the Central Bank in 1990), the Agricultural Bank of Myanmar (established in 1953), and the Myanmar Economic Bank (established in 1967). , Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank (established in 1967) and Myanmar Investment and Commercial Bank (established in 1989). Since 1992, privately-run banks and foreign banks have been allowed to set up offices in Myanmar. The main private banks are: Asian Economic Bank, Mayflower Bank, Miaowadi Bank, Rome Bank, Global Bank and Oriental Bank.

[Foreign trade] The military government has relaxed restrictions on foreign trade, allowed private operations for foreign trade businesses, and opened up border trade with neighboring countries. The foreign trade situation in recent years is as follows (unit: billion U.S. dollars):

2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003

Import volume 23.22 27.34 23

Export volume 19.62 25.49 30

(Source: IMF Statistics)

Major export commodities include rice, corn, various kinds of legumes, rubber, leather, mineral products, wood, pearls, precious stones and aquatic products, etc. It mainly imports industrial raw materials, chemical products, machinery equipment, spare parts, hardware products and consumer products.

[Foreign Investment] From 1996 to the present, foreign investment in Myanmar totals about 7.4 billion U.S. dollars. The main investment areas are: oil and gas, aquaculture, mining, manufacturing (clothing manufacturing) and hotel tourism. The main investment countries are Singapore, United Kingdom and Thailand.

[People's Life] In 2002/2003, the per capita national income was 106,900 Kyats. There are 757 hospitals in total, 114 large hospitals with more than 300 beds, and 1,404 rural health clinics. There are 16570 doctors.

[Military] The Burmese Army was established in 1942 and March 27th is the Army Day. In September 2002, the establishment of the Burmese military was adjusted to the highest command of the Defense Forces, the Army Headquarters, the three-army intelligence headquarters, the Air Force Command, and the Navy Command. General Than Shwe is the commander of the Defense Force's Supreme Command. Deputy Maung Aye is the deputy commander of the Defense Force's Supreme Command and Army Commander. General Khin Nyunt is the chief of the three-army intelligence headquarters and a senior adviser to the Supreme National Defense Force Command. Major General Sodron and Major General Hao Hang served as naval commander and commander of the air force. Myanmar implements a voluntary military service system. The existing total strength is 380,000, of which 340,000 are Army and nearly 20,000 are air and sea. There are also more than 60,000 police officers. The Army was organized into 12 military regions and 10 mobile divisions. All Myanmar has 6 naval bases and 6 air force bases.

[education] The government attaches importance to the development of education and literacy work, with a literacy rate of 92.2%. Education is divided into pre-school education, basic education and higher education. Pre-school education includes daycare and pre-school schools, enrolling children aged 3 to 5; basic education is 10 years, grades 1 to 4 are elementary schools, grades 5 to 8 are general junior high schools, and grades 9 to 10 are high schools; higher education The school system varies from 4 to 6 years. Famous universities include Yangon University.

The number of schools at all levels and the number of students and teachers are as follows:

School (institute) Student (10,000) Teacher (10,000)

Primary school 35248 499.7 15

Middle School 3067 199.2 5.35

High School 1806 64.9 1.64

Universities 154 89 1.66

(Source: Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Myanmar, "Financial, Economic and Social Situation Report")

[News Publishing] The newspapers are all government-run. There are three types of newspapers distributed nationwide: Burmese Light Burmese, Burmese New Light English Edition, and the September 2nd issue of the Mirror. Local newspapers include 3 copies of the "Capital" published by Yangon, "Mandalay" and "The Yadnadi newspaper" published by Mandalay. In addition, there are about 140 magazines and periodicals in the country. The most famous ones are Miaowadi, Xiumawa, Weida, Vision, and Fortune. In November 1997, the Chinese-language newspaper "Burmese China News" was launched. It is the only Chinese language newspaper in Myanmar that is allowed to be published.

Myanmar News Agency is a national news agency.

The official "Burmese of Myanmar" is the only radio station built in 1937. It is currently broadcast in Burmese, English and eight minority languages.

There are two television stations throughout the country. "Myanmar TV Station" was built in 1980, and "Miaowadi TV Station" was founded on March 27, 1995. At present, Myanmar has a total of 109 television relay stations across the country, and TV programs can be watched in most parts of the provinces across the country.

[External relations] We pursue an "active and independent" foreign policy and do not rely on any major powers or major powers. After the military government took power in 1988, western countries led by the United States imposed economic sanctions and trade embargoes against Myanmar, terminated economic and technical assistance to Myanmar, and prohibited investment in Myanmar. After joining ASEAN in 1997, the relationship with ASEAN and neighboring countries has grown considerably. The military government has actively promoted national reconciliation and its relations with western countries have eased somewhat. After the "May 30" incident, relations between Burma and Western countries deteriorated again. Western countries have stepped up their sanctions, and the European Union has still prevented Myanmar from joining the Asia-Europe Meeting. By the end of 2002, Myanmar had established diplomatic relations with 89 countries.

[Relationship with China] On June 8, 1950, China and Burma established diplomatic ties.

In 2003, the good-neighborly friendship and cooperation between China and Myanmar further developed, and friendly exchanges and cooperation in various fields between the two sides have been further strengthened. The main delegations of the Chinese delegation to Myanmar include: Vice Premier Li Lanqing (January), Yang Zilin, President of the Export-Import Bank (August), Bai Enpei (November), Secretary of the Yunnan Provincial Party Committee, and Assistant Chen Jian (December) of the Ministry of Commerce. The main delegations of Myanmar’s visit to China include: General Than Shwe (January), Foreign Minister Wu Wenang, the Chairman’s Special Envoy (July), Vice Chairman Maung Yee’s Vice-Chair (“August”) of the “Dealing and Development Commission” (August), Yang Denglin, Mayor of Yangon, Mayor of Mandalay Yanden (November) and so on.

Chinese ambassador to Myanmar: Li Jinjun, submitted his credentials on March 13, 2001. Venue: 1 Pyidaungsu Yeiktha Rd, Yangon. Telephone, 00951-221281. fax. Embassy Commercial Division: Tel. 00951-222803. fax.

Burmese ambassador to China: U Thein Lwin, submitted his credentials on June 18, 2003. Location: No. 6, Dongzhimenwai Avenue, Chaoyang District, Beijing. Telephone (Communication), 65321488 (on duty).

[Relationship with the United States] In 1948, the two countries established diplomatic ties. After the Burmese army took over the power, the U.S. reduced the embassy in Myanmar to charge d'affaires level, stopped providing economic aid and anti-narcotics assistance to Myanmar, withdrew the GSP for Myanmar, imposed an arms embargo on Myanmar, and prevented international financial institutions from Myanmar provided assistance and did not issue entry visas to Burmese officials and their families. In May 1997, President Clinton signed an executive order prohibiting U.S. businessmen from investing in Myanmar. In December 2000, Clinton awarded Aung San Suu Kyi the "US Presidential Medal of Freedom." In July 2003, President Bush signed the intensification of the sanctions against Myanmar. The main measures include: the entry of members of the Myanmar "Bureau of Development", the officials of the association, and officials of state-owned enterprises; the ban on the import of goods from Myanmar; the freezing of military and political affairs, and the aforementioned officials' assets in the United States. State-owned bank deposits in Myanmar.

[Relations with ASEAN Countries] Myanmar attaches importance to developing good-neighborly and friendly relations with ASEAN countries. In 2003, Thai Prime Minister Thaksin (February), Army Commander General Songta Adanaan (February), Princess Sirindhorn (March), Member of the Politburo Political Bureau Fan Wencha (February), Indonesia Foreign Minister Hasan (April) visited Myanmar in succession; Myanmar General Than Shwe visited Vietnam (March) and Laos (May), and “Department of Development” Vice Chairman General Maung Aye visited Thailand (April). In October, Prime Minister Khin Nyunt met Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and other countries during his participation in the ASEAN summit in Bali.

[Relationship with South Asian Countries] In 2003, Myanmar’s relations with South Asian countries have developed steadily. The Myanmar Foreign Minister Wu Wenang visited India (January) and Bangladesh (March); Bangladeshi Prime Minister Khaleda Zia (March) and Indian Vice President Singh (November) visited Myanmar successively.

[Relationship with Regional and International Organizations] Myanmar actively hosted and participated in regional and international conferences in 2003. Myanmar has hosted: the 2nd ASEAN Conference of Ministers of Science and Technology (January), the 4th Regional Economic Cooperation Forum of Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar (March), the Annual Meeting of the Greater Mekong Subregion Business Forum (October), and the 4th Greater Mekong Subregion Business Forum Annual Meeting (October), 9th ASEAN Minister of Transportation Cooperation (October), Cambodia-Burma-Myanmar Economic Cooperation Summit (November), 9th ASEAN Environment Ministerial Meeting (December).

Pet Harness

A pet harness is equipment consisting of straps of webbing that loop nearly around-that fasten together using side release buckles-the torso of an animal.

These harnesses generally are made to have both a strap on the chest in front of the forelimbs, and a strap around the torso behind the forelimbs, with straps in between connecting these two. Having a D-ring suitable for (pet tags and) a leash to clip to, they are most often used to restrain an animal, but dogs also particularly wear them to assist a person with a disability or haul people and items. There is also the lifting harness for dogs with disabilities, covered in this article.

Some come in different sizes, although many are size-adjustable with tri-glide slides to loosen or shorten the straps` length. The straps may come in a range of different colors, and some have reflective coating.

Pet Harness,Dog harness,Classic Dog Harness

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