Skiing is a winter Olympics project, which includes ski jumping, speed skating, gyrating, Nordic skiing, big gyre, alpine skiing, freestyle skiing, and cross-country skiing.
Ski jumping
Ski jumping is one of the skiing sports events. Athletes are skiers, do not hold ski poles, leaping after jumping over snow-covered platforms, and soaring. Referred to as "jumping snow." The platform is constructed using natural mountains. The skier jumps from the end of the platform through a section of the skid-sighting area and scores with perfect flight distance and movement. The 1st Winter Olympic Games in 1924 was listed as an official competition. Ski jumping originated in Norway. In 1879, the first snow-jumping competition in history was held in Oslo, Norway. Ski jumping distance increases with the progressive increase of sports skills and platform performance. The flight distance created by Norheim, Norway, in 1868 was 19 meters. In 1934 Norway B. Rood actually created a flight distance of 92 meters. In order to develop the talents of the athletes, some have built jumping platforms with a jumping performance of 150 meters and organized a "free-flying snow-jumping competition." In this competition held in Oberstedov, the Federal Republic of Germany, in 1976, the Austrian athlete T. Innaul created a flight distance of 176 meters. He later won the gold medal of the 70-meter ski jumping competition at the 13th Winter Olympics in 1980. The winter Olympics official competition for the snow-jumping project is 70 meters and 90 meters. In the 16th Winter Olympic Games in 1992, the 70-meter platform was cancelled and replaced with 90-meter platform and 120-meter platform. In the 8 Olympic Games before 1964, due to the inconsistent specifications of the platform, only the platform of the host country could be used. Prevail for the game. Since the 9th Winter Olympics in 1964, the International Ski Federation has clearly defined the level of jumping off of snow jumping competitions. The so-called 70-meter platform and 90-meter platform do not mean the height of the platform itself, but the performance of the platform. The performance of the large and long platform for assisting slipways is higher, and the speed at which the athletes slide down the slippery path is greater, and the distance for the jump is naturally far. The basic skills of ski jumping are divided into five parts: assisting skidding, taking off, flying in the air, landing, and taxiing in the termination zone. Helping slippery: The athlete slides down along the 35° to 37° slope. In order to reduce air resistance, the body is as streamlined as possible. Take-off: When the athlete slides down to the leading edge of the board at a speed of more than 25 meters per second (it rises at an angle of 9 degrees to 11 degrees with the assist slide), the athlete struggles upward and the body is thrown into the air. Air flight: In order to reduce the forward air resistance and increase the lift, the body should be parallel to the double snowboards, make an inclination of 8° to 10° with the horizontal plane, and keep stable, and fly along the parabolic track. Landing: Similar to airplane landing, buffered, landing safely and safely on landing slope. For this purpose, the two legs should be strung forward one after the other to reduce the impact. The two arms are balanced and continue to slide. Termination zone taxiing: After passing through K-point (landing ramp to level ground), it still needs to remain steady, continue to coast and make proper braking and deceleration (some sites will automatically decelerate in reverse slope), and finally Stop in an end zone with an emergency stop action. The rules stipulate that the flight distance and the completion of technical actions at each stage shall be 60 points for each of the two points. The competition stipulates that each person jumps twice, and the total score is more than the winner.
Speed ​​skating
Speed ​​skating is one of the skiing competitions. The 5th Winter Olympic Games in 1948 began as a separate competition. The game is carried out on snow-covered high mountains with a slope of 5 to 35° with an average of 20°. The length of the line is about 2000 meters. From the high end of the line, there are 800 to 1,000 meters for men and 500 to 700 meters for women. A number of flags are set up on both sides of the line to form a gate. Athletes slide down the flag at the highest speed from the top of the hill. Take the time when the slide falls twice. Flag colors, men's games are red, women's games are alternately red and blue. The banner is 100 centimeters by 75 centimeters. A flag door consists of four flags and two flags. Gate flags are placed on both sides of the line, perpendicular to the direction of the downswing. The distance between the flags is 4-8 meters, and the upper and lower flags are about 30 meters apart. For the purpose of racing downhill, the speed is generally more than 100 kilometers per hour. Therefore, when a straight line slides, the body must collapse as much as possible, and the center of gravity is required to switch quickly when turning. For the sake of safety, the rules stipulate that athletes must wear helmets.
turn around
One of the rotary alpine skiing competitions. Also known as slalom skiing or slewing obstacles. The 5th Winter Olympic Games in 1948 began as a competition event. The game takes place on snow-covered slopes. Line length: 600 to 700 meters for men and 400 to 500 meters for women. From the high end of standard deviation: men 140 to 220 meters, women 120 to 180 meters. Lines with slopes above 30° in the line must take up 1/4. Various flags are set on the line to make up the obstacles. 55 to 75 men and 45 to 60 women. Athletes descended from the top of the hill and continued to cross the flag barrier. The competition requires that each of the two lines should be glided 1 time, and the ranking shall be scored by the sum of the two taxi times. If he fouls for the first time, he loses his second chance to glide. Flags are not fouled when the flag is touched during taxiing, but fouls are ignored if the door is missed or trapped. The flag is composed of two 40 cm x 40 cm flags. The flags are red and blue. A group of door flags are the same color. Each side of the line is called an open door. Two flags parallel to the direction of advancement are called closed doors. Based on open doors and closed doors, a variety of door shapes, such as serpentine doors and triangular doors, can be formed. Along the line, red and blue flags alternately form a variety of gate shapes, so that when athletes slide down, they must turn continuously to pass through the flag. The flag is 4 to 5 meters wide, and the two doors are 15 meters apart. Athletes can look at the route from bottom to top before the competition, but they must not simulate gliding from top to bottom.
Nordic two items
The winter sports event consisting of 15 kilometers of cross-country skiing and 70 meters of ski jump is referred to as the Nordic two, also known as ski biathlon. The 1st Winter Olympic Games in 1924 was listed as an official competition. Nordic Scandinavia has a lot of snow in winter and is suitable for skiing. However, due to the lack of mountains like the Alps, alpine skiing is not widespread and developed. Cross-country skiing and ski jumping are well developed. As a result, there have been two Nordic competitions that require fast cross-country skiing and require jumping and snow jumps. This project is the sports strength of several countries in Northern Europe. In the 15th Winter Olympic Games in 1988, a group project began, with a platform of 70 meters and a 3 x 10 kilometer relay for skiing. In the 16th Winter Olympics in 1992, the platform level was 90 meters, cross-country skiing was still 15 kilometers, and the group was 3 x 10 kilometers relay. The rules of the game are basically the same as those for cross-country skiing and ski jumping. On the first day, a ski jump competition will be conducted first, and three times will be skipped, and two of them with good results will be taken. On the second day, another 15 km off-road competition will be held. The rules of the game stipulate that the performance of two individual athletes is converted into scores and re-calculated total scores and rankings. When the 70-meter platform exceeds 60.5 meters, the score per meter is 1.6 points. In the 15 km cross-country skiing competition, the points were scored with 220 points for the first place. The following places were reduced by the ratio of 1 minute to 9 points.
Big Swing
One of the Alpine skiing competitions. In 1952, the 6th Winter Olympic Games began as a competition event. The game is played on snow-covered slopes with gradients of 5° to 32°. The length of the line is 1,500 to 2,000 meters for men and 1000 meters for women. From the high end of standard deviation: men 250 to 400 meters; women 250 to 350 meters. Various flags are set on the line to make up the obstacles. Athletes slide down the flag from the top of the hill through the flag. Its technology lies between the slide-down and the slewing. It needs both the speed of sliding down and the quick change of rotation. The game method is the same as the rotation, and it is also scored by the sum of the two taxi times. Flags are not fouled when the flag is touched during taxiing, but fouls are ignored if the door is missed or trapped. If he fouls for the first time, he loses his second chance to glide. The flag is divided into two types: red and blue. The flag size is 75 cm x 50 cm. The flag is decorated with white stripes on the corner. The flag is 8 meters wide. Along the line, red and blue flags alternate to form a variety of gate shapes, so that when an athlete slides down, he must turn to pass through the flag. Its transition speed is designed to be 15-29 m/s, which is lower than the turn speed of the turn. Athletes can look at the route from the bottom to the top before the competition, but they must not simulate gliding from the top down.
Alpine skiing
One of the skiing sports. The athletes climbed the skis and held ski poles and glided down the obstacles from the snow-covered mountain. Because of its rise in the high mountains of the Central European Alps, it is also called Alpine skiing. The 4th Winter Olympic Games in 1936 began as an official competition. Existing projects include downhill, slewing, large slewing, super-slewing, and high mountain (downhill and slewing). At the end of the 19th century, Austrian people living in the foothills of the Alps. Zdarski (1856–1940), during the period from 1890 to 1896, specialized in the technique of sliding on the steep slopes of high mountains and reformed and innovated ski tools. The original Norwegian 2.4-meter-long snowboard was changed to 1.8 meters in length. The snowboard holder was replaced by metal and a long ski pole was used to create alpine skiing with a plough-type braking system. It laid the foundation for the alpine skiing turning technology still in use today. Although the history of alpine skiing is not as long as cross-country skiing, it is loved by people and it has become a sport combined with winter alpine health tourism. The alpine skiing area is wider than all sporting events. At the 4th Winter Olympics held in 1936, alpine skiing only featured men's and women's high mountains. From the 5th Winter Olympics, the number of downhill runs and rotations has increased, and the 6th Winter Olympic Games has added another major game event. From the beginning of the 15th Winter Olympic Games, the men's and women's high mountains and the Grand Slam have been listed as official competition items. In the non-Winter Olympics year, there is the annual World Cup and the biennial World Championships. [b]Free Skiing[/b] One of the skiing sports. The athletes are short-edged and do not hold poles and perform various stunts on the snow. The 15th Winter Olympic Games in 1988 was listed as a performance project. In the 16th Winter Olympic Games in 1992, the snow skills (men and women) in freestyle skiing were listed as official competitions. Freestyle skiing was created in the late 1960s and was created for young pioneering skiers in the United States. Initially this type of skiing was called ski racing. In 1979, the International Skiing Federation recognized this project as freestyle skiing. Each year, the World Cup is held around the world. In 1986, the first world championship was held in Tuni, France. There are three freestyle skis, namely, aerial skills, snow skills, snow ballet.
Air skills:
The athletes take advantage of the declining inertia to take off from the jumping platform on the hill covering a thicker snow cover, and then plung them into the air. Then they complete various forward and backward flips and add twists and other difficult movements in the air. The scoring criteria are: vacated, take-off, height and distance accounted for 20%; body posture and skill action performance level accounted for 50%; landing 30%. According to the difficulty of action, different difficulty coefficients are stipulated. There are three kinds of small, medium and large platforms for aerial skill performance venues. The athlete chooses according to the needs of the action. However, it must have a gradient of about 37° and a soft snow layer of 60 cm or more.
Snow tips:
This is the only ski race that does not use flat grounds. The site has complex and continuous small mounds. The line is 200 meters long, 25 to 35 meters wide, and the slope is 25 to 35 degrees. In the middle of the venue, three control doors with an interval of 8 to 15 meters are installed. In the game, athletes are free to choose the route, but must pass through these three doors. The scoring criteria are: turning 50%; vacating 25%; speed 25%. Among them, the scoring standards for turning mainly focus on the gliding curve (ie, radian), the decline along the maximum slope line, the balance between the upper body and lower limbs, the ability to control the snowboard when passing through difficult routes or steep slopes. To vacate refers to the use of gliding inertia, the use of mounds to make the body out of the ground, in the air to do the skills show. The game is played twice and it is required that the same group of difficult movements cannot be used. The difficulty movements available for selection are divided into 5 groups of 14 types of movements. The representative actions include: two arms and two legs are deployed to the side of the body at the same time, the two snowboards are parallel to each other and the body is straightened and the two snowboards are held together, and the body is turned upside down and turned upright by more than 90°. Separately, the two boards jump in parallel.
Snow Ballet:
The player can freely choose the music accompaniment according to the freedom of performing. The scoring standards are: 25% for layout, 25% for technical movements, and 50% for artistic performance. The commonly used techniques in the snow ballet are: jumping, such as high-speed jumping action; rotating, using a 360° rotation of a single-footed snowboard; continuous stepping, such as inverse crossover steps; using a ski pole flip, such as forward and backward flip. The rules stipulate that the air skill competitions are conducted twice in two different ways; the snow skills and the snow ballet are each performed once.
Cross-country skiing
One of the skiing sports. Athletes are fully boarded on skis and ski poles in the wilderness snowfield. Originated in Northern Europe, also known as Nordic skiing. The 1st Winter Olympic Games in 1924 has been listed as an official event. Cross-country skiing is the oldest winter sport. In the vicinity of the Arctic Circle in Norway, a piece of stone 4,000 years ago was found with a figure of two people skiing. In the 15th and 17th centuries, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Poland, and Russia all depended on skiing during the war. At the 1st Winter Olympics held in Chamonix, France, in 1924, men's 18 km and 50 km cross-country skiing competitions were held. The International Ski Federation was also established at that Winter Olympic Games. The federation decided to hold a world championship every year in the non-Winter Olympics, in addition to cross-country skiing competitions in the Winter Olympics. Chinese cross-country skiers took part in the cross-country skiing competition of the Winter Olympics (13th) for the first time in Lake Placid in 1980. There are two types of modern cross-country skiing competitions, one is the competition of traditional distance and various distance projects, and the other is the competition of free distance technologies. In 1980, the Finnish cross-country skier used a speed-skating ice-skating method at the 13th Olympic Winter Games and achieved very good results. Since this method of incitement can eliminate the very complicated anti-skid wax work in the competition, it is welcomed by the athletes and coaches of various countries. It immediately swept the snow scene and later learned to skate on the ice. However, the technical specifications of this footwork are not uniform. The International Snow Federation has made a resolution to collectively call this footstep, which is inciting to the side, free technology, and refers to the footwork that has been used in the past as the traditional foothold. . So far in the international cross-country skiing competition, there are two kinds of technical competitions. Generally, short and medium distances are traditional technical competitions, and long distances and relays are free technical competitions. At the 15th Winter Olympics held in Calgary, Canada, in 1988, men were 15 kilometers and 30 kilometers. The women's 10 kilometers cross-country skiing program was a traditional technology competition. The men's 50km, 4x10km relay, women's 20km and 4x5km relays are free technical competitions.
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