In 1971, Swedish scholars Engvail and Perlmannn, Dutch scholars Van Weerman and Schuurs respectively reported the development of immune technology as a solid-phase immunoassay method for detecting trace substances in body fluids, called enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The basic principle is the same as RIA. First, the known antibody or antigen is bound to a certain solid body, and maintain its immunological activity. During the measurement, the sample to be tested and the enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody react with the antibody or antigen adsorbed on the surface of the solid phase carrier in different steps. The antigen-antibody complex and free components are separated by washing. Then, the enzyme substrate is added to catalyze the color development for qualitative or quantitative determination. Initially developed immunoenzyme assay method. Enzymes are combined with antibodies or antigens to check the presence of corresponding antigens or antibodies in tissues. Later, it was developed to adsorb antigen or antibody on a solid-phase carrier, and perform immunoenzyme staining on the carrier. After the substrate was developed, the result was judged by naked eye or spectrophotometer. This technique is currently the most widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, commonly known as ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbant assay).
As we all know, an enzyme is an organic catalyst, and a small amount of enzyme can cause a large number of catalytic processes, so it is extremely sensitive. Immunoenzyme technology is a new technology established by combining the immune reaction of antigen and antibody with the catalytic reaction of enzyme. After the enzyme is combined with the antibody or antigen, it does not change the specificity of the immunological reaction of the antibody into the antigen, nor does it affect the enzymatic activity of the enzyme itself. That is, with the participation of the appropriate and appropriate substrate, the substrate is hydrolyzed and colored Or, the hydrogen donor can be changed from a colorless reduced type to a colored oxidized type. This colored product can be observed with the naked eye, a light microscope phase electron microscope, or it can be measured with a spectrophotometer. The color reaction showed the presence of the enzyme, thus proving that the corresponding immune response occurred. Therefore, this is a specific and sensitive technique that can trace the location of antigens or antibodies at the cellular or subcellular level, or quantify them at the microgram or even nanogram level.
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