2. Review the brief history of western modern design
In 1851, the faltering industrial products on the Crystal Palace International Industrial Fair resulted in extreme disgust among some British artists led by John Ruskin (1819-1900) and William Morris (1834-1896). By criticizing the negative impact of the early industrial revolution brought about by the mass production of mechanization, they tended to return to the care of the classical crafts of the Middle Ages. (3) Arts and Crafts, represented by Maurice, began to promote the idea of ​​combining artisanal and art among the people, and put forward the slogans of artistic products and practical techniques to break the boundary between art and craftsmanship. Since then, Art Nouveau, which introduced the British Arts and Crafts movement to Europe on the French and Belgian centers, and the German Craft Union (Deutscher Werkbund) on the standardization and mass production methods centered on Germany, have appeared one after another. )(9). Until 1919, Walter Gropius (1883-1969), the founder and architect of modern design education, founded Bauhaus in Weimar, Germany, to make the design education really move from the exterior of the design movement. The first transfer to the formal internal school education also marked the rise of the modern design education system and the design as a discipline. Bauhaus focused on the advanced design ideas and experiences of European countries before the 20th century, such as the influence of De Stijl and the Russian constructivism movement. It advocated a new unification of art and technology and created industrialization. The basic principles and methods of the era of design education, which also incorporates attention to economic content and the cultivation of capabilities, laid the vanguard position of modern design in the 20th century, marking the old handicraft decoration ideas in the next hundred years Complete transformation. In particular, the fusion of this trend of thought and the Chicago school of the United States during the Second World War led to the popularity of the modernist style of the internationalism in the 1950s and led to the extension of modernist design ideas that promoted the supremacy of function. The design education center shifted from Germany to the United States. Modern design is based on democratic ideas and is achieved through standardized, high-volume machine production methods. Since then, Western design civilization has completely departed from the shackles of handicraft decoration, entered the matrix of modern industrial civilization, and has influenced modern western clothing, food, housing, and lifestyle. (10)
3, Chinese art design
From the above brief review of the history of Chinese arts and crafts and the history of western modern design, we can see that the art design of China in the early 20th century is still the craft thought of the arts and crafts movement and the Art Nouveau movement in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Under the influence of the Chinese version, they became the main form of Chinese art design in the early 20th century. It can be seen that the artistic activities surrounding the creation have taken a pattern in China—arts and crafts—the road to design art in the past century. (1) Therefore, theoretically speaking, the initial scale of China's design education is still something that has been in the past 20 years. The previous design concept only stays on the basis of arts and crafts, and the perception from the psychological to the method is passive. Learn from the West and pay homage to traditional craftsmanship.
At the beginning of this century, China translated the design into a pattern according to the Japanese translation. Later, Japan later found that this translation method was not proper. Instead, it used a katakana and transliterated design as transliteration of Di Zain. China has not changed its name for a long time. It is only the conversion of the pattern to the art and crafts as the counterpart of design. Because the semantics of the translation and the original term do not match, the confusion in understanding is caused.
So today, art design is a compound word under a new form. Combining art and design into one is a product that combines Chinese national conditions and Chinese context. After fully understanding the background and principles of modern design, a compound word that can better explain and convey Western Design, I thought Basically it still reflects the ideas of its ancestor Bauhaus Design School. From the very beginning, Bauhaus incorporated artistic elements into the entire design education structure system, making art and design an inseparable organism. Art design, through the design of a creative man-made thing, beautifies and enriches people's lives and influences people's lifestyle (Liu Guan Chinese). It is a creation activity that integrates matter and spirit, science and art (Li Yu-zu).
Let's explore the semantics of this compound word from the Chinese text surface.
Let's start with the first keyword art of art design. Quintilian, a Roman rhetoric in the 1st century AD, divided art into three categories. The first category was the art of theory, such as astronomy; the second category was the art of movement, such as dance; the third category was The art of products, that is, the art of producing finished products through certain skills. (11) Therefore, the art of this third category is closer to the meaning of our current artistic design. The art of ancient Greek (Texvn,) is a form of specialization, such as carpentry. The English art (Art) and the German art (Kunst) also represent a learnable rather than an instinctive skill and special talent. (12) More than 3,000 years ago, China already had the concept of art. Art was defined as a compulsory subject for the scholars. For example, the ancients’ six arts were rituals (courtesy), music (music), shooting (martial arts), and imperialism. (Equestrianism), books (calligraphy), numbers (arithmetics) and other six techniques. Therefore, the art of ancient Chinese language in China also contains the similar semantics of English Art, which contains the concepts of skills and talents. Therefore, in a nutshell, the basic meaning of the word art is skill and means.
The concept of design originated during the Italian Renaissance. Its initial meaning was to draw and paint, and the meaning of the design evolved later became more extensive. It also contained creative thinking in the mind of the artist. The design is defined as brewing in advance in the mind, depicting the result in imagination, and making it possible to become a visual reality through practice. (12) In the "Advanced Chinese Dictionary", it was designed in such a way that according to the purpose and requirements of the task, the work plan and plan were pre-determined and the pattern specially designed to solve this problem was drawn. Therefore, Mr. Zhang Daoyi said: If you literally teach, design is the idea and plan. (13) Mr. Liu Guanzhong believes that design is a kind of creative behavior and it is to create a more reasonable survival (use) method.
To sum up, the author thinks that art design is a combination of Western modern design concepts and the actual situation of China's current professional context. The combination of words, to some extent, a good reflection of the status quo of China's subject professional, can be unified in the past Industrial design, interior design, packaging design, apparel design, print advertising, and today's information media, etc. If, as in the West, only the word Design Dizain is used, it is bound to be confused with other design concepts such as architecture and mechanics. Therefore, the title of art design is currently the most appropriate expression method that can solve the problem. Of course, we must also see that the development of disciplines is a development. As a discipline, art and design is an organism, and it also has the laws of being born, grown, matured, and extinct like any organism in the natural world. Regarding the dispute over the surname of this organism, the author thinks that it is only a symbol, and there is no need to brush up on this. When we understand the process of the creation and development of this organism, we will not be confused by its surname nouns.
Between art design and arts and crafts, although it is a product of different stages of an organism, it has branded the intellectual traces of several generations of intellectuals. It is worth comparing and combing the relationship between the two.
(to be continued)