The Italian industrial cluster model is regarded as a successful example of promoting the local economy and promoting the development of SMEs and is praised internationally. Due to historical reasons, the industrial structure of Italy is different from that of most developed countries: the composition of enterprises is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises and the production industries are also mostly concentrated in the traditional fields of textiles, leather, machinery and foodstuffs. However, it is precisely under the impetus of these small and medium-sized enterprises and traditional light industry that the Italian economy has made rapid progress in the past three decades. It has surpassed many developed countries in terms of output per capita or exports to other countries, Strong. Which led to many people think: why the road to development in Italy and other economically developed countries are so different? Why does not the advantages of the industrial structure can be a miracle in Italy? What makes these small and medium-sized enterprises specializing in the production of these traditional industries with less technological innovation burst into great vitality and achieved such remarkable achievements? The answer is that Italian SMEs do not exist in isolation. They tend to join a huge production network (industrial clusters), using their association with their peers, their own position in the production network, and their influence and change in spending Those who buy the required ability to obtain a certain degree of industry control, and through this control to deal with possible changes in the market, improve survivability. This is known as the "success of the mother of small and medium enterprises in Italy," the advantages of industrial cluster mode of production embodied in what areas? Whether it can be "used by me", promote the take-off of SMEs in our country, and promote the economic development of urban and rural areas, especially in remote small-town areas? This article will analyze the characteristics and advantages of the Italian industrial cluster model and discuss its significance for the development of SMEs in China. First, the Italian industrial cluster model In Italy, industrial cluster production model to industrial park as a manifestation of its description there are many versions, but the basic elements of the following: 1, in the same production process, a single enterprise professional The combination of sex and business division of labor; 2, has a valuable and standardized cultural environment, with the flow of information, connectivity and surrounding areas and other conditions; 3, built a top-down Internet, small businesses in the region can not Limited by size, into the wider domestic and international markets. In 1991, the Italian government promulgated Law No. 317/91, for the first time in the law on the industrial park has made strict rules. According to the regulations in the description of industrial parks, industrial parks refers to a large number of independent small-scale specialized enterprises in one area, and in the region to establish a unified industrial chain; the various enterprises in the industry chain responsible for the production process, and Take advantage of the culture, history and special features of this region as a common corporate identity. April 1993, the Italian Ministry of Industry on the division of industrial parks have made specific provisions. II. The Forming Process of Italian Industrial Clusters In the 1960s and 1970s, influenced by a series of factors such as the prices of agricultural resources and mineral resources and the oil crisis, the world economy is facing a decisive choice. Some large enterprises started to restructure their own organizational structure and adjusted their overall relations within and between enterprises strategically. They focus their efforts on the core business of the enterprise and sub-tier one suppliers, ie small and medium-sized enterprises, to other production processes that provide services and support to the core business so as to reduce the risks brought about by the traditional vertical centralized management model The high cost. The result is a modern industry based on the new standard: a new proliferation of production replaces the original mass production; a specialized production replaces an integrated production; the division of labor among the enterprises replaces the existing centralized production. This shift from a scale-based to a non-canonical model has played a significant role in the small-scale enterprises. When they join together to form an industrial cluster (small and medium-sized enterprise system), they compete with large-scale industrial enterprises. Third, the Italian industrial cluster Overview Industrial cluster mode of production in the modern Italian industry plays a decisive role. According to the data from the Italian National Bureau of Statistics, there are currently 156 industrial clusters in Italy with a population of 12.5 million, 215,000 manufacturing enterprises in the cluster, accounting for 40% of the manufacturing enterprises in the country, 2 million manufacturing workers, 39.3%. The output value accounts for 27.2% of the GDP, of which industrial output accounts for 37.7% of the national output value and service output value accounts for 23% of the national output value. Exports of manufacturing products account for 44% of similar exports nationwide, of which textile and garment, leather shoes and leather products, non-metallic minerals processing products, wood and wood products and machinery and equipment products account for over 50% of the country's exports of similar products. (A) the main areas of the Italian industrial cluster Italy's industrial clusters and more concentrated in the traditional light industry. (B) the main mode of operation of the Italian industrial cluster Italian industrial clusters can be divided into the following four main modes of operation: 1, the "big factory" model This model to a specialized responsible for the design, ordering and marketing of medium-sized enterprises as a leader, several other small and medium enterprises involved in the production process, is responsible for different processes or different parts of the production, resulting in a relatively stable The collaborative relationship, like an invisible big factory. Whether a company can become a leader depends not on its size but mainly on whether it has design skills and marketing skills. Prado textile and garment industry there are hundreds of such a "big factory" 2, satellite group mode This model is usually a medium-sized enterprises as the core, many small businesses to supply spare parts or components. Most industrial areas such as footwear, eyewear and musical instrument manufacturing belong to this model. Hundreds of large and stable enterprises have put together thousands of small enterprises for their production. 3, centralized sales model In this model, all small businesses in accordance with the uniform specifications and technical requirements, independent production, testing by the same testing organization. After passing the inspection, the use of a unified trademark by the sales organization for unified sales. Such as Asti Sparkling Industrial Zone. 4. Small businesses with small interdependencies of small business groups form groups of enterprises in the form of shares, concentrating certain functions (finance, trade) of the enterprises so as to expand their scale so that they can play a bigger role as large ones. This model was developed mainly in the 1990s, especially in the machinery industry. At present, about 16% of SMEs in Italy form a conglomerate, and in the high-tech sector, the proportion is above 30%. On an average, each group consists of 12 companies, with an average of about 1,500 employees per conglomerate. To a certain extent, the development of enterprise groups has made up for the fragmented weaknesses of the Italian industrial system. Fourth, the advantage and characteristics of industrial cluster mode (A) the production process specializes in helping businesses reduce production costs Italy's central bank in the industrial cluster of enterprises and non-industrial clusters within the enterprise found that, in the case of technical conditions, After the enterprises in an industrial cluster split their production processes, they can complete the same amount of production at a lower production cost than the enterprises in the non-industrial clusters that complete the entire production process through their division of labor. This is because: 1. Most enterprises in the industrial cluster conduct specialized intermediate production, thereby saving conventional costs such as inventory and trade. 2. Professionals in specialized industrial clusters have become hidden intangible capital Therefore, the enterprises in the cluster employ highly skilled and efficient workers without any additional labor costs. 2.2 Creating Competition for Enterprises - A Good Environment for Cooperation Production networks in industrial clusters are usually composed of vertical and horizontal production chains. Enterprises in different positions have close competition or cooperation with each other. For the division of labor and cooperation-based enterprises, a solid relationship between supply and demand will reduce business costs and reduce commercial risk. Corporate reputation based on mutual understanding and good interpersonal relationships will also become social capital, reducing the costs incurred by enterprises in operating and coordinating their production. For the competition-based enterprises, the common market to promote enterprises continue to improve production technology, increase product personality work. In Italy, the look and feel of similar products produced using the same technology often varies. Technology updates and product diversification of the Italian spare parts for special products in the international market enjoyed a high reputation, and care about the country's exports account for a large proportion. (III) Concentration of Regions Facilitating Enterprises to Strengthen Communication and Cooperation High concentration of counterparts in industrial clusters can help enterprises in the region to enhance exchange of experiences, form consensus and promote technological innovation; speed up the flow of information and improve the accuracy of market forecasts. Taking the example of SantaCroce, the famous tannery industry in Italy, the environmental pollution caused by the harmful substances in the tanning process is a common problem faced by the enterprises in the industrial cluster. In order to solve this problem, the enterprises in the cluster, coordinated by the local industry federations, co-invested and set up research centers jointly with the local University of Pisa to study the issue of emission reduction. In 2006, the proportion of harmful gas emissions in the cluster dropped to 2% in the air, far below the world average of 30%. Now the enterprises in the cluster export to the world not only their leather products, but also their advanced production technologies. (IV) Integrated Management and Service The concentration of manufacturers of similar products also enables government departments to design industrial policies and management measures according to local conditions, carry out infrastructure construction and establish professional service networks. Such as facilitating transportation, setting up machinery manufacturing and maintenance points, building a unified sewage and garbage disposal system, setting up vocational schools, providing industrial insurance, issuing preferential loans, developing commercial and intermediary trade, supplying raw materials, organizing professional exhibitions, developing professional software, etc. . Therefore, enterprises in the industrial zone can enjoy more targeted preferential policies. V. Lessons Learned from the Mode of Industrial Clusters in Italy on the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises SMEs are the mainstay of China's economic development. How to promote the development of SME groups accounting for 99% of our enterprises will be the key to maintaining a healthy and stable development of our economy. After years of development, the industrial cluster-based production model in Italy has been recognized as a production model that can give full play to the advantages and characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Its operational concept and development experience have some enlightenment and reference significance for our country to build a scientific and reasonable industrial structure system and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprise groups. At present, China also has a large number of industrial parks. However, with the exception of a few regions, a prototype of industrial clusters has spontaneously formed In addition, most industrial parks and industrial clusters in Italy, there is a big difference between the production model. Most of our industrial parks do not have their own industrial base and superior industries, with the main purpose of increasing local fiscal revenue, expanding exports and increasing employment. In practical terms, this model indeed led to the rapid development of the local economy in a certain period of time. But we also note that this kind of investment to attract investment for the purpose of the park mode to drive backward inland regions economic aspects in promoting a comprehensive upgrade industrial industry in China and there are still many deficiencies in the promotion of sustainable development of local small and medium enterprises system . With the continuous deepening of China's economic development, we can draw lessons from the excellent mode of production in Italy to find out the true development path suitable for the small and medium-sized enterprises in our country. (A) the establishment of industrial clusters based on the industrial base of local SMEs Italian industrial clusters are often based on factors such as the supply of resources in a certain area, industrial development history, labor force and traditional culture. The industrial cluster formed in this way is based on the local industrial system and local SMEs constitute the main body, with a solid foundation for development and the necessary conditions for sustainable development. With many areas in our country after the first park investment approach is more in line with the actual development of local industries. My country can learn from Italy to establish industrial clusters by taking the approach taken by the local industry base and industry characteristics, based on the choice of regions and key industries. Taking the development of local SMEs as a starting point, we will integrate local enterprise resources, formulate appropriate production patterns, build production networks and build local industrial clusters that are in line with China's national conditions. (II) Encouraging specialized production and giving play to the role of small and medium-sized enterprises to split the production process. The replacement of a single enterprise for centralized production by the division of labor among enterprises is the basis and advantage of the industrial cluster model. In the future development of our country, we should also change the way of blindly developing large-scale enterprises and large-scale production, encourage the key enterprises in the cluster to split the production process into small-scale enterprises, encourage small-scale enterprises to develop toward specialization, and pass small- and small- Inter-cooperation between small and large enterprises and the establishment of industrial clusters around key industries or key enterprises. Make a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises participate in the production process, enter the high-end market and enhance the vitality and competitiveness of the local SME cluster as a whole. (C) learn from the industrial cluster model, focusing on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in remote areas Italian industrial clusters do not take the urban infrastructure and economic conditions as a choice factor, but according to the distribution of enterprises, industry characteristics. This method of division has virtually guided and promoted the development of local traditional industries and small enterprises, raised the level of employment and living standards of the local population and stimulated the development of the local economy. It has a good reference for the development of the economy in remote and poverty-stricken areas. The economic conditions in the poverty-stricken areas in the central and western regions and the remote ethnic minority areas in China are relatively backward. The main economic entities are small and medium-sized enterprises or original handicrafts workshops, which lack large and powerful enterprises. However, some regions have unique local cultures, traditional crafts or industrial bases . For example, in Inner Mongolia, the livestock husbandry is well-developed. Wool products, dairy products and beef and mutton products can be listed as key industries in its traditional industries. For another example, the silverware products in Tibet are highly skilled, self-contained and have high artistic value. Popular by overseas consumers; Tibet's Tibetan medicine is also a treasure of Tibet's traditional culture, formula, unique technology, many products have a magical effect. Around these industries can guide the local small and medium enterprises and hand workshops to form a cluster, establish a local characteristic industrial system. In addition, the development of industrial clusters will also promote the development of related industries such as local banks, universities, exhibitions and public administration agencies, promote the overall escalation of social, economic and cultural soft environments in their respective regions and play a catalytic role in the development of the region. The rapid development of the Italian economy over the past 30 years has proved to us the superiority of its industrial cluster-based production model. However, we should also note that just as a person can not devour one thing, the composition of a country's enterprises should also maintain its diversity. In its previous stages, Italy was paying too much attention to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, neglecting the cultivation of large-scale enterprises. The decentralized production pursued in industrial parks has weakened the scale awareness of enterprises and the large-scale enterprises have gradually disappeared. In recent years, the development of economic globalization has put forward higher requirements on the ability of enterprises to control the international market. Many small and medium-sized enterprises, affected by their scale and lack of strength to invest overseas, have greatly affected the competitiveness of their products, resulting in a downturn in the Italian economy. Therefore, when drawing lessons from the development experience of the Italian industrial cluster model, our country not only needs to introduce its promotion mechanism for small and medium-sized enterprises, but also emphasizes the training of the superior enterprises in some industries. The combination of the scale and non-scale industries scientifically and reasonably builds our country's industry Production system. Source: Ministry of Commerce website