American scientist finds new uses for computer and chromosome information for the first time
China Education Equipment Purchasing Network News: The total number of chromosomes or genes contained in gamete refers to gametes, which are now widely used as a specialized term. H. Winkler (1920) originally proposed that a complete set of chromosomes of a haploid is a genome. This group of chromosomes together with the protoplasm subordinate to it should become a taxonomic unit. This is the first basic concept given to the genome. Kihara Jun (1980) endowed this concept with a functional meaning, that is, a group of chromosomes that are indispensable for various organisms to coordinate and maintain their living functions as a chromosome group. In a diploid organism with genome A, the chromosomes of somatic cells and germ cells are A and AA, respectively. The production of haploid proves that only one set of chromosomes can maintain the survival of organisms. In the two sets of chromosomes, if all the chromosomes they contain are identical to each other, they are called homologous chromosome groups. On the contrary, if all the chromosomes are different, they are called heterologous chromosomes. Between the two is a part of homologous chromosomes. The chromosomes of viruses and bacteria in prokaryotes are single-stranded DNA (or RNA) macromolecules with a specific size for each species, because the genetic information that determines a species is all stored in a group of nucleic acid molecules, and the chromosomal nucleic acid molecule is A genome (or genome), therefore, the so-called polyoma virus genome, E. coli genome, etc., often means that they are their respective chromosomal DNA molecules.
For the first time, American scientists used information from computers and genomes to find new uses for existing drugs. For example, they found that drugs used to treat ulcers and seizures can be used to treat lung cancer and inflammatory bowel disease, respectively. Scientists said that this method not only saves a lot of cost and resources for disease treatment, but also shows that bioinformatics will have a great effect in the field of drug efficacy research.
High cost of new drugs
According to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, it takes an average of 15 years and 800 million dollars to market a single new drug, and it has to pass strict safety tests by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies. "A new drug usually costs $ 1 billion to go to market," said Rochelle Long, head of the National Institutes of Health's Pharmacogenomics Research Network. "If we can find new uses for drugs that have been approved and are on the market, Ground, can shorten the time of a new drug from laboratory to clinical application, reduce related costs and improve the treatment effect. "
The research team led by Dr. Otto Butter of Stanford University used computer research to analyze genomic and drug data to predict new uses of existing drugs on the market. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, and two related papers have been published in the journal Science-Translational Medicine on August 17.
The research team obtained data from the National Institutes of Health's Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Database, which is a public database that contains thousands of genomics-related studies, covering multiple topics. Scientists submit. The database is categorized according to changes in gene activity in different environments (such as in diseased body tissues or when receiving medical treatment).
There are often unexpected associations between drugs and diseases
The Bart team mainly studied 100 diseases and 164 drugs, and wrote a computer program to study the tens of thousands of possible drug-disease associations one by one in order to find that their gene expression patterns may be mutually exclusive. Drugs and diseases.
Most of the disease-drug matching has been widely used in clinical diagnosis and treatment, which is the basis of this method is feasible. For example, scientists have correctly predicted that prednisolone (adrenocorticoid drugs, which have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and immunosuppressive effects) can treat Crohn ’s disease (parts of the digestive tract, especially the small intestine) Undulating inflammation).
And some matches are "amazing." The Bart team analyzed the relationship between two such drugs—disease—an antiulcer drug (imidamide) and lung cancer, and an anticonvulsant (topiramate) and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Many studies suggest that it may be related to immunity, infection, genetics, intestinal microflora disorders, food allergies and mental factors. Crohn's disease Is one of them.
To confirm the association between anti-ulcer drugs and lung cancer, the scientists tested nitrimidamide on human lung cancer cells in laboratory utensils and on experimental mice. In both cases, they were treated with Compared with nitrimidamine-treated cells or mice), anti-ulcer drugs can slow the growth of cancer cells.
To test whether the anticonvulsant topiramate is effective against inflammatory bowel disease, the scientists applied drugs to mice with symptoms of bowel disease such as inflammation, diarrhea, ulcers, and microscopic damage to the colon. It was found that the drug alleviated all symptoms, and sometimes the effect was better than prednisolone.
In fact, this situation is not uncommon. Previously, new uses of drugs were often discovered and used by scientists in unexpected situations. For example, minoxidil was originally used to control high blood pressure, but people found it had an interesting side effect, which is to reverse or delay the baldness process. Therefore, the Canadian pharmaceutical company Upjohn launched a topical liquid containing minoxidil for the treatment of baldness and hair loss.
This research also has more important value. Scientists have noticed that diseases with the same molecular processes (such as those affecting the immune system) will "get together"; drugs with the same effect (such as drugs that slow down cell division) will also push. The researchers believe that by studying the unexpected members of these bunched diseases, they can better understand how certain diseases worsen and how certain drugs work at the molecular level.
"Although this research has just started, the efficacy of these new-use drugs in the human body still needs to be confirmed by clinical trials, but this innovative method can quickly and efficiently find new uses for existing drugs. And the cost is very low. "Rochelle Long said.
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