First, the principle of ultrasonic extraction
1. Cavitation effect of ultrasound (1) Ultrasonic technology is applied to extraction and homogenization, which is the result of the special "cavitation effect" when ultrasonic waves propagate in liquid continuous medium. Fluctuations (including vibrations of supersources and wave sources) will cause motion of the medium particles on the wavefront when propagating in a continuous medium. Each point reached by the wave source in the medium will cause vibration of adjacent particles and become new. Wave source. The fluctuations caused by such a wave source will cause acceleration and kinetic energy to be obtained for each particle on the propagation path. Ultrasonic waves can make the mass point acceleration of the medium reach more than a thousand times the acceleration of gravity. The medium particle is subjected to ultrasonic waves, and tens of thousands of high-frequency oscillations per second and a large velocity and kinetic energy of more than 100 m per second are applied to the solution molecules to rapidly activate the solution molecules.
(2) Ultrasonic waves produce a unique "cavitation effect" in the liquid medium, continuously generating numerous micro-cavities with internal pressures up to thousands of atmospheres, and constantly "micro-explosion" to produce microscopic strong shock waves, acting on solid-liquid Or the liquid-liquid molecule causes the air in the medium to escape by "bombardment" and causes the medium cells to rupture and deform to accelerate the escape of substances in the medium molecules.
(3) The multi-stage effects of mechanical vibration, micro-jet, micro-acoustic flow caused by the physical properties of ultrasonic waves propagating in the medium promote the diffusion of the active components in the solution.
2. Advantages of ultrasonic extraction (1) Ultrasonic extraction efficiency is high. Ultrasound's unique extreme physical properties can cause the plant tissue to break or deform, so that the effective components of Chinese medicine can be extracted more fully, and the extraction rate is significantly improved by 50-500% compared with the traditional process.
(2) The ultrasonic extraction time is short. Ultrasound-enhanced Chinese medicine extraction usually obtains the best extraction rate in 24-40 minutes, and its extraction time is shortened by more than 2/3 compared with the traditional process method. Therefore, the processing amount of raw materials of medicinal materials is large.
(3) The ultrasonic extraction temperature is low. The optimum temperature for ultrasonic extraction of Chinese herbal medicines is 40-60 degrees Celsius, so there is no need to equip the boiler to provide steam heating, which is conducive to saving energy and improving environmental pollution. More importantly, it has a protective effect on the active ingredients in the heat-labile, easily hydrolyzed or oxidized herbs.
(4) Ultrasonic extraction has wide adaptability. Ultrasonic extraction of the substance properties, molecular weight limits, suitable for the extraction of most types of Chinese herbal medicines and various ingredients.
(5) The ultrasonic extraction has less impurities in the liquid, and the active ingredients are easily separated and purified.
(7) Ultrasonic extraction is simple and easy, and the maintenance and maintenance of the equipment is convenient.
3. Ultrasound-enhanced extraction (1) Solid-liquid extraction Solid-liquid extraction is commonly referred to as extraction, that is, extraction of useful components from materials with a suitable solvent. Conventional processes use heat treatment or mechanical agitation to enhance the process. It has been found that the application of power ultrasound significantly enhances and improves the extraction process. The perturbation effect of ultrasound increases the permeability of the solvent into the extract cells and enhances the mass transfer process. Another effect of ultrasound is that the strong shear force generated by ultrasonic cavitation can cause the cell wall of the medium to rupture, making the cells easy to release. Contains. Ultrasound-enhanced solid-liquid extraction is the main cause of effective mass transfer and cell rupture. It surpasses any previous feasibility technique and achieves efficient extraction. Ultrasonic extraction is more efficient than the thermal extraction of resident gauges and shortens the extraction time. Most of the material is extracted within 10 min of the process.
(2) Liquid-liquid extract-liquid extraction involves a mass transfer process between two mutually incompatible organic and aqueous phases. The interfacial effect caused by the cavitation of the ultrasonic wave increases the joint area between the two phases, and the turbulent effect caused by the shock wave when the cavitation collapses eliminates the retardation of the two-phase effect, thereby increasing the liquid-liquid extraction speed. For liquid-liquid extraction systems that are generally controlled by mass transfer rates, the effect of ultrasound is significant.
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